EBSILON®Professional Online Documentation
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Line connections |
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| Component 1: port 1 | System Boundary |
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| Component 33: no port number | Connection to line |
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General User Input Values Results Physic used Display Example
Component 1 is used to define fluid flows that come into the model from outside its boundaries. It represents the starting point of a line. Examples are
Instead, Component 33 can be used for the same purpose, but has to be connected to any line It is recommended and good practice to always define fluids entering the model within a component 1.
It is recommended and is good practice to always define incoming fluids with component 1.
Component 33 differs from component 1 only in its shape: component 1 can only be used at system boundaries, component 33 everywhere. The functionality is exactly the same for both components.
The condition of the fluid is defined by some of the following values:
In case of a setting values (P, H, M) outside of the range of the start and limit values (Model Settings -> Simulation), an error message is issued.
Just three of these five options are enough to describe the condition of the fluid completely. Usually P, T and M are set. H can be calculated from P and T. Q then results from H and M.
Instead of the temperature T, it is also possible to specify the enthalpy H. The temperature T is then calculated from P and H.
If the energy flow Q is specified, the flow rate M is calculated. Also, when the enthalpy H is given. Similarly, if the mass flow M is given, the enthalpy H is calculated.
In some cases, it is not permitted to specify all the three states, since the individual values are known and are already defined at other places of the system. If such a value were set again by a component 1 or 33, this would cause a double definition.
The value entered in the specification value M is multiplied by the specification value LOAD to set the mass flow on a line. This is helpful if you want to calculate different load cases in subprofiles. You then save the calculation of the mass flow in the respective profile and only need to change M in the design profile when copying or changing the default.
The default value for LOAD is 1.0, and as long as you leave LOAD at 1.0 in all profiles, it has no effect.
Attention: For steam in the two-phase area, H must be entered, as P and T are not sufficient to clearly define H.
Basic Information
Previously it was assumed in Ebsilon that all fluids flow slowly enough so that the kinetic energy can be neglected and total and static state variables can be equated. Therefore no distinction was made between total and static values.
The only exception was the steam turbine (Component 122). As proportionately high flow velocities occur here, the kinetic fractions were considered in the calculation of the steam turbine. In doing so, it was assumed that the variables stored on the lines are total variables as a rule.
Since Release 15, it is now possible to differentiate between total and static variables everywhere. Here the assumption previously made for the steam turbine, namely that the line values are total variables, is applied to all lines.
The conversion between total and static variables requires knowledge of the flow velocity vel (as in Ebsilon the abbreviation v is already used for the specific volume, v is not available for the velocity).
In Ebsilon default units (vel in m/s, H in kJ/kg), the following applies:
Htot = Hstat + Hkin, with
Hkin = 0.0005 * vel²
Here the flow velocity can optionally be specified
In the case of the boundary input value (Component 1) or
the start value (Component 33), the specification is effected by means of one of the specification values VEL_SET, A_SET or D_SET. As a result, all three variables VEL, A, and D will be displayed.
Additionally, the potential energy can be considered in Release 15 as well. The following applies to it in Ebsilon default units (z in m, H in kJ/kg):
Hpot = 0.001 * g * z,
where g = 9.81 m/s² is the acceleration of gravity and z the height, relating to a selected zero level. In Component 1 and 33 respectively, the height is specified by a specification value Z_SET and displayed as result value Z.
Altogether, the following results:
Htot = Hstat + Hkin + Hpot
The distinction between total and static variables only occurs within Component 1 and 33 respectively. It does not make sense to treat the flow velocity as an attribute of the line because the line cross section and thus the flow velocity can change from one position of the line to the next. Therefore the specification and calculation must always be effected together with the specification of the speed (and cross section or diameter respectively).
To allow to observe different flow velocities at various positions of the line, it is possible to set several Components 33 on a line. Specifying static variables, however, is only possible in one component.
If the flow velocity and height respectively is known, the following result values will be displayed in Component 33:
Component 1 and 33 respectively do not only enable the display but also the specification of static state variables. Thus static variables given in thermal flow diagrams or also measured static variables can now be specified this way.
For this – with the exception of the last case – the flow velocity, as described above, must have been specified either directly or via cross section or diameter.
The following options have been implemented:
This case is particularly interesting when static and total pressures are measured by means of various pressure gauges (Prandtl tube, Pitot-Static tube) in order to determine the throughput.
Specification of compositions for air / flue gas as medium
When using component 1 or 33 in conjunction with air/flue gas as a medium in solid, liquid or gaseous form, it is necessary to specify the composition of the medium in addition to the P/T/H/M/Q values.
The specification of the material composition and related attributes (net calorific value, density, …) is described in "Material Properties"
Specification of compositions :
Compositions can be specified via boundary values and start values respectively (Component 1 and 33 respectively) or via measured values (Component 46). The specification via measured values is required when a validation of the composition is to be carried out.
The interaction between the two options for specification used to be relatively complicated. As the total of all substances has to result in 1, not all substances could be specified via measured values, but one still needed a degree of freedom for the standardization. Usually, the greatest fraction in the component Boundary value and Start value respectively was taken for this.
From Release 11 on, the complete composition can either be specified via a boundary and start value respectively, or via measured values:
When the complete composition is specified via a boundary and start value, there are no modifications in the specification. In this component it is possible to check immediately whether the total of all substances results in 1. If that is not the case, an error message will be generated.
When specifying via measured values, one measured value is to be placed on the line for each occurring substance now. In addition, one boundary and start value respectively is required on the same line in order to provide the additional information that cannot be defined via measured values (e.g. the coal type or cp coefficients for the user-defined fluid). In this start value one also needs to specify that when integrating the material equations into the equation matrix, equations with the value 0 are provided for the unspecified substances (otherwise one would have to set a measured value with the value 0 for each substance that is not contained).
If the total of all measured values does not result in 1, an error message will be output.
Display of material fractions for components 1 and 33 on the "Specification-Values" tab :
In the case of the components for specifying a composition it is possible to enter these (and other coefficients) not only in the dialogs in the tab “Material fractions“ but to display all values in the main tab. This may be less comfortable but can be helpful in connection with the Excel interface in particular.
This option is activated in the dropdown box “Display options“ below the component image by means of the entry “Show composition also as specification-values“.
Example: Specification- values (with "Material Fractions)
- First page of tab "specification-values" of "start value"
- Last page of tab "specification-values" of "start value"
Access to XH2OG and XH2OL:
Due to the combination of XH2OG and XH2OL to XH2O (accordingly also XNH3L and XNH3G to XNH3 as well as XCO2 and XCO2L to XCO2), allocations to the old variables are no longer possible in the specification values. In the result values (line results), however, the old expressions are still available.
Consideration of non-gaseous components for the specific volume of gases.
For the calculation of the specific volume (and thus also the density) of gases (air, flue gas, gas, raw gas) only the gaseous components were taken into account. The fraction of the liquid and solid components for the specific volume is usually negligible because of the higher density.
Generally the specific volume of these components cannot be calculated because usually only the elementary composition or the general specification “ash“ is specified for this.
The option to specify a density for this fraction in the specification value “Density for fraction defined by elementary analysis“ (RHOELEM) has been created. Up to Release 10, the density specification (specification value RHO) was only used for oil. For standardization purposes, RHOELEM has to be used for oil, too. RHO is no longer available as a specification value.
As result values on the lines there are both RHO (mean density of the total flow) and RHOELEM (Density for fraction defined by elementary analysis).
If a value of 0 (RHOELEM) is entered for the density, the fraction of the substances given as elementary analysis will be neglected when determining the specific volume.
In the case of the non-gaseous components the chemical composition of which is known, the specific volume is determined from the corresponding material data. This applies to liquid H2O, NH3, and CO2, for which libraries are integrated in Ebsilon, as well as the new substances for the direct desulfurization, for which the following constants are used:
• CaSO4 2960 kg/m³
• CaCO3 2730 kg/m³
• CaO 3370 kg/m³
• Ca(OH)2 2240 kg/m³
• MgCO3 2960 kg/m³
• MgO 3580 kg/m³
If water bound (H2OB) in the coal is present, this will be considered as a component of the coal, i.e. it is assumed that this fraction is already contained in RHOELEM. H2O on a
coal line (e.g. rain water between the coal chunks), however, will be calculated separately with the material data for H2O.
Components 1 and 33 can also be used for the specification of binary mixtures and for the universal fluid.
In the case of binary mixtures, there is the choice between ammonia / water or water / lithium bromide as working fluid. In addition, the mass fraction XI of the cooling agent (ammonia for ammonia / water, water for water / lithium bromide) is to be specified.
In the case of the universal fluid, the material data libraries to be used have to be specified in the specification table first. Then, the respective desired composition and other parameters are to be entered in the column “Specification”. The composition to be entered here refers to the mass fractions within the branch stream that is calculated by the respective library.
It depends on the respective library which materials are available and which additional input parameters are needed.
For FDBR, a type of calculation (cp-type) is to be entered as additional input parameter. This replaces the selection of the line type for the classic Ebsilon-lines and (for coal lines) of the coal type. The following values are available for the cp-type:
The other parameters are used depending on the setting chosen here. It has to be noted that in the case of the user-defined fluid for the cp-polynomial, not the global parameters from the model settings but the values entered here will be used. This way, different user-defined fluids can be used within one model.
When using the LibHuAir_xiw for humid air, the water content (mass fraction water per total volume) is to be specified as parameter xi.
Note: In contrast to the LibHUAir_Xiw, the LibHuAir also developed by the University of Zittau/Görlitz uses the absolute humidity (mass fraction water per mass of dry air)
as input parameter and delivers the enthalpy and entropy related per mass of dry air as result. However, this library is not integrated into Ebsilon, because
the LibHUAir_Xiw fits in better with the philosophy of Ebsilon.
Specification of the relative humidity of the air:
It should be noted that
The relative humidity can also be specified with a measured value (component 46), but this is not recommended.
When using the LibAmWa for ammonia / water mixtures, the ammonia content (mass fraction ammonia per total volume) is to be specified as parameter xi.
When using the LibWaLi for water / lithium bromide mixtures, the water content (mass fraction water per total volume) is to be specified as parameter xi.
When using the LibH2 for hydrogen, it has to be taken into account that the thermal properties of hydrogen at low temperatures depend on the relative orientation of the nuclear spin in the H2-molecule. In the case of parahydrogen the spins are oriented antipodally, in the case of orthohydrogen in parallel. Usually there is a mix of both variants (“normal hydrogen”). Parahydrogen is particularly interesting for MRI. By means of a flag either normal hydrogen or parahydrogen can be set.
There are possibilities to toggle the reference states when using the Refprop library. By default, Ebsilon uses the reference status specified by Refprop as “Default”.
Other options are:
Note that the specification of these zero points has to use the default units of REFPROP:
A unit conversion is not possible at this place.
In the field "calculation model", it is possible to toggle between various calculation models that are offered by REFPROP:
By default, the GERG-2008 mechanism is used for mixtures of natural gases, but not for pure fluids. For pure fluids, the equations implemented in REFPROP are more precise as they are not (like in GERG-2008) shortened due to calculation speed. However, the differences are quite small (as long as there is no water in the mixture). The GERG-2008 (developed in Bochum by Wagner and Kunz) offers a higher consistency and precision in the phase equilibrium.
To insert a REFPROP fluid, click on "Click to insert item..." in the column "Material" of the table "Composition" in the right part of the window "Universal fluid-Composition - Refprop". Then you get a list of all available REFPROP fluids where you can select an entry. In the next rows, you may select additional components. All the components that are selected by this way are handled as a mixture by the REFPROP library. It is recommended to restrict such a mixture to a few components as there is a large increase in calculation time with the number of components in the mixture.
As not each combination of components can be calculated as a mixture you may receive warnings like "Binary interaction parameters not available for this mixture, ideal solution behaviour assumed".
In addition to self-defined mixtures with flexible material compositions, REFPROP offers predefined mixtures with a constant composition.
Some of these mixtures are handled as "pseudo pure fluids" and are shown in the same list as the pure fluids. They are calculated like pure fluids with effective (averaged) material parameters.
To access other predefined mixtures, you have to perform a right mouse click in the column "Material", expand the menu item "Insert Default Composition" and select one of the displayed mixtures.
For all materials, it is additionally possible to specify a cp correction factor. This is a constant factor by which the specific heat capacity cp and thus also the enthalpy H and the entropy S are multiplied. It can be utilized for the case that the exact material data for a certain material are unknown but one knows a similar material whose thermodynamic properties can be described sufficiently exactly by adapting the specific heat capacity in one point.
Be aware that this correction factor has nothing to do with the specification value CPCORR. CPCORR is used exclusively for the ash fraction in FDBR fluids (on coal or flue gas pipes, e.g.). The cp correction factor for the universal fluid is used for the whole row of the material fraction table.
For the fluid type "thermoliquid", there are several thermo oils and molten salts available. It is also possible to define your own material coefficients. The definitions for these coefficients can be found in the section "thermoliquids" of the chapter ”Background for the Calculation”.
For the calculation of the calorific value (NCV/GCV) of a combustible fluid, a flag (FNCV) has been incorporated which allows determining what is to happen when the composition is changed:
In earlier versions, it was necessary to actuate the key “Adopt calculated value“ after a change of the physical property composition in order to adjust the calorific value. As this could easily be forgotten, a potential source of error has thus been prevented. The (often annoying) warning of a deviation between specified and calculated calorific value has therefore been downgraded to a comment.
Ebsilon now offers options for specifying calorific values.
(See example: Specification- values (with "Material Fractions)- First property page "Default values"):
The specification value NCV (Net calorific value) it is only used if the flag FNCVSRC has been set accordingly.
When right-clicking on a numerical value of the composition, there are two further variants in addition to the available scaling possibilities:
In the case of the user-defined fluid, the cp-coefficients are specified here and no longer in the model settings. Thus also different user-defined fluids can be used in one model. If, however, one wants to mix such fluids, the universal fluid has to be used. Otherwise the cp-values of the first line are used and a warning is issued.
There is a selection box which serves to specify which one of these quantities is to be set: Calorific value, composition, and complementary attributes (like coal type, Z-factor in the case of oil). Also two or all three can be set in the process.
A real gas correction can be performed to increase the precision. Compared to the calculation as ideal gas, however, this results in a significant increase in computing time.
Often, however, there are only a few streams for which the real gas correction is significant in the model. An application to all air and flue gas streams with pressures in the range of
the atmospheric pressure is usually unnecessary. Therefore there is the option to define the real gas correction in a line-specific way.
The real gas correction to be applied
is specified in the sheet “Material Fractions”.
The definition is then valid for the respective line and is then passed on along the main flow. Which correction has been used can be viewed on the line in the result value FREALGC.
If two different real gas corrections meet in a mixer, a warning will be output.
In Ebsilon the convergence precision is a model-wide setting. It is an upper limit for the admissible relative change of a variable (mass flow, pressure, and enthalpy) from one iteration step
to the next. Only when the relative change in terms of its amount is smaller than this limit for all variables will the iteration procedure be successfully terminated.
Usually this relative change is related to the value of the variable. Thus if e.g. a mass flow changes from 50 to 51 kg/s, the relative change is 1 percent. At a convergence precision of 10-7 (this is the default value) this mass flow of 50 can only change by 0.000005 kg/s more (i.e. 5 mg/s) for this value to be considered convergent. At a mass flow of 0.01 kg/s the admissible change would then only be 10-9 kg/s. Such small changes, however, are not significant in practice and would unnecessarily prolong the iteration. In many cases no convergence could be achieved at all any more due to the “numerical noise“.
For that reason a minimum reference value for calculating the relative change had been defined in Ebsilon. When the value of the variable was smaller than the reference value, the relative change was not calculated with reference to the variable but with reference to the reference value. Thus (at a convergence precision of 10-7) mass flow fluctuations of less than 0.000002 kg/s, pressure fluctuations of less than 0.0000002 bar, and enthalpy fluctuations of less than 0.00006 kJ/kg were no longer considered an obstacle for the conversion.
Up to Release 11 these minimum reference values were firmly fixed in the code. As of Release 12 it is possible to specify them individually for individual streams. This way, less interesting areas of the model can be calculated with a lower precision, which may reduce the computing time.
In Component 1, 33, 132 respectively (boundary, start value, connector respectively) these minimum reference values are specified in the entries
MINREFITP
MINREFITH and
MINREFITM
If these values are left empty, Ebsilon will use the default values. The reference values are then valid for the respective line and are handed down along the main flow.
At a mixer, the reference values of the auxiliary connection (Pin 3) are thus ignored. This facilitates calculating in the sideline with a lower precision while downstream of the mixer, with the main flow, the higher precision applies again.
Note:
In addition, the feature for the individual specification of the convergence precision implemented in Components 1 and 33 in Release 12 has now been shifted into Component 147. For reasons of compatibility, however, it remains available in Components 1 and 33. The input fields MINREFITP, MINREFITH, and MINREFITM required for this have been hidden but can be rendered visible if required.
On electric lines, these components can be used to specify
can be specified as well.
Note: As in Ebsilon the power output is used as basic variable on electric lines for historical reasons, the power output is calculated and written on the line when specifying the current. For this reason, a simultaneous specification of current and power output is not possible. As the voltage and the phase are required for calculating the power output, voltage and phase must be specified in the same component when specifying the current.
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State variables for fluids (total. stagnation) |
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P |
Pressure |
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T |
Temperature |
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H |
Enthalpy |
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M |
Mass flow |
| LOAD | Factor for M - the default value is 1.0 |
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State variables for shafts and electric lines only |
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F |
Frequency/rotary speed (on shafts and electric lines) |
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Q |
Energy flow (in certain circumstances for other line types as well) |
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State variables for shafts and electric lines only |
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U |
Voltage (electric lines) |
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I |
Current (electric lines) |
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COSP |
Power factor (cos(phi) , phi>0 accepted |
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PHEL |
Phase shift between voltage and current |
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NPHAS |
Type of current =0: Direct current |
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State variables for fluids (static) |
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PSTAT_SET |
Static pressure |
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TSTAT_SET |
Static temperature |
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VEL_SET |
Flow velocity |
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A_SET |
Cross section area |
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D_SET |
Inner diameter |
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Z_SET |
Height |
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Deprecated Settings |
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MINREFITP |
Deprecated (now in component 147): Minimum reference value for DITP |
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MINREFITH |
Deprecated (now in component 147): Minimum reference value for DITH |
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MINREFITM |
Deprecated (now in component 147): Minimum reference value for DITM |
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Fluid composition |
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FFLSET |
Switch to activate the specification of the substance composition (Existing values for the state variables such as P, T, H, M, Q, U, F remain active) 0: Neither composition nor calorific value or fluid coefficients are specified Fluid coefficients are the switches and additional coefficients that are used to calculate the physical properties of classic FDBR fluids (Z factor, ash correction factor, water vapor table, etc.). IntMat mode: Integration of the material equations into the equation system or into the equation matrix - @ calcoptions.sim.intmat = 2 (see model settings -> Simulation -> Iteration) |
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FMAS |
Content |
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PHI |
Air humidity (rel.) |
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FNCV |
Update display for NCV and GCV specification automatically? |
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FNCVSRC |
Calculation with user-defined input for heating value? |
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FNCVCALC |
Method used for heating value calculation for gases |
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TNCVREF |
Reference temperature for calculation of heating value |
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FNCVCALCELEM |
Method used for heating value calculation for solids (elementary composition C,H,O,N,S,Cl) |
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NCV |
Net calorific value |
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GCV |
Gross calorific value |
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XN2 |
N2- mass fraction |
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XO2 |
O2- mass fraction |
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XCO2 |
CO2- mass fraction |
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XH2O |
Water- mass fraction |
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XSO2 |
SO2-Massenanteil |
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XAR |
Argon- mass fraction |
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XCO |
CO- mass fraction |
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XCOS |
COS-Massenanteil |
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XH2 |
H2- mass fraction |
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XH2S |
H2S- mass fraction |
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XCH4 |
CH4- mass fraction |
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XHCL |
HCL-Massenanteil |
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XETH |
Ethan- mass fraction |
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XPROP |
Propan- mass fraction |
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XBUT |
n-Butane- mass fraction |
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XPENT |
n-Pentane-Massenanteil |
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XHEX |
n-Hexane- mass fraction |
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XHEPT |
n-Heptane- mass fraction |
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XACET |
Azetylen (Ethin, C2H2)- mass fraction |
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XBENZ |
Benzol (C6H6)- mass fraction |
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XC |
C mass fraction |
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XH |
H mass fraction |
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XO |
O mass fraction |
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XN |
N mass fraction |
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XS |
S mass fraction |
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XCL |
CL mass fraction |
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XASH |
Ash mass fraction |
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XLIME |
Lime (Ca(OH)2) mass fraction |
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XCA |
Elemental calcium mass fraction |
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XH2OB |
water fraction of fuel |
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XASHG |
Ash fraction (g) |
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XNO |
NO-mass fraction |
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XNO2 |
NO2-mass fraction |
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XNH3 |
NH3-mass fraction |
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XMETHL |
Methanol-mass fraction |
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XMG |
Elemental magnesium mass fraction |
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XCACO3 |
CaCO3 mass fraction |
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XCAO |
CaO-mass fraction |
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XCASO4 |
CaSO4-mass fraction |
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XMGCO3 |
MgCO3-mass fraction |
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XMGO |
MgO-mass fraction |
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XOCT |
n-Octane mass fraction |
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XNON |
n-Nonane-mass fraction |
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XDEC |
n-Decane-mass fraction |
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XDODEC |
n-Dodecane-mass fraction |
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XIBUT |
Isobutane (2-methylpropane, (CH3)3CH) mass fraction |
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XIPENT |
Isopentane (2-methylbutane, (CH3)2-CH-CH2-CH3)) mass fraction |
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XNEOPENT |
Neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) mass fraction |
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X22DMBUT |
Neohexane (2,2-Dimethylbutane, (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2) mass fraction |
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X23DMBUT |
2,3-Dimethylbutane ((CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2) mass fraction |
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XCYCPENT |
Cyclopentane (cyclo-C5H10) mass fraction |
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XIHEX |
Isohexane (2-methylpentane, (CH3)2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3) mass fraction |
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X3MPENT |
3-Methylpentane ((CH3CH2)2CHCH3) mass fraction |
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XMCYCPENT |
Methylcyclopentane (CH3-C5H9) mass fraction |
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XCYCHEX |
Cyclohexane (cyclo-C6H12) mass fraction |
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XMCYCHEX |
Methylcyclohexane (CH3-C6H11) mass fraction |
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XECYCPENT |
Ethylcyclopentane (C2H5-C5H9) mass fraction |
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XECYCHEX |
Ethylcyclohexane mass fraction |
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XTOLUEN |
Toluene (toluol or methylbenzene, C6H5-CH3) mass fraction |
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XEBENZ |
Ethylbenzene (phenylethane, C6H5-CH2-CH3) mass fraction |
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XOXYLEN |
ortho-Xylene (1,2-dimethylbenzene, C6H4-2(CH3)) mass fraction |
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XCDECALIN |
cis-Decalin (decahydronaphthalene) mass fraction |
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XTDECALIN |
trans-Decalin (decahydronaphthalene) mass fraction |
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XETHEN |
Ethene (ethylene, C2H4) mass fraction |
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XPROPEN |
Propene (propylene, C3H6) mass fraction |
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X1BUTEN |
1-Butene (CH3-CH2-CH=CH2) mass fraction |
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XC2BUTEN |
cis-2-Butene mass fraction |
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XT2BUTEN |
trans-2-Butene mass fraction |
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XIBUTEN |
Isobutene (2-Methylpropene) mass fraction |
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XIPENTEN |
1-Pentene (C5H10) mass fraction |
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XPROPADIEN |
Propadiene (allene, CH2=C=CH2) mass fraction |
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X12BUTADIEN |
1,2-Butadiene (methylallene, CH2=C=CH-CH3) mass fraction |
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X13BUTADIEN |
1,3-Butadiene (vinylethylene, CH2=CH-CH=CH2) mass fraction |
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XETHL |
Ethanol mass fraction |
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XCH3SH |
CH3SH (methanethiol, methylmercaptan) mass fraction |
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XHCN |
Hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid) mass fraction |
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XCS2 |
Carbon disulfide mass fraction |
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XAIR |
Air mass fraction |
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XHE |
Helium mass fraction |
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XNE |
Neon mass fraction |
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XKR |
Krypton mass fraction |
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XXE |
Xenon mass fraction |
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XN2O |
Dinitrogen monoxide (laughing gas) mass fraction |
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VOLA |
Volatile mass fraction |
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CPCORR |
Correction factor for cp ash |
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RHOELEM |
Density for fraction defined by elementary analysis |
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ZFAC |
Z-factor |
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FSTEAMFORMULATION |
water/steam-formulation |
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FGASFORMULATION |
gas-formulation |
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FREALGC |
Real gas correction |
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FCOAL |
Coal type |
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SALT |
Mass fraction of salt from total mass |
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FMED |
Type of medium (only 2-Phase-fluid) |
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FBIN |
Type of medium (only binary mixture) |
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XI |
Fraction of refrigerant/anti-freeze medium or water in air |
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Heating Values |
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NCVI |
Net calorific value (LHV) for 0°C (actual stream value) |
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VCVC |
Net calorific value (LHV) for 0°C (expected from composition) |
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GCVI |
Gross calorific value (HHV) for 0°C (actual stream value) |
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GCVC |
Gross calorific value (HHV) for 0°C (expected from composition) |
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Depending on velocity and geometry |
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PTOT |
Total pressure |
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PSTAT |
Static pressure |
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DPKIN |
Kinetic pressure increase |
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TTOT |
Total temperature |
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TSTAT |
Static temperature |
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DTKIN |
Kinetic temperature increase |
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HTOT |
Total enthalpy |
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HSTAT |
Static enthalpy |
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HKIN |
Kinetic energy |
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HPOT |
Potential energy |
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UIE |
Internal energy |
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HPV |
Displacement energy |
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RHOTOT |
Total density |
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RHOSTAT |
Static density |
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VSTAT |
Static specific volume |
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VMTOT |
Total volume flow |
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VMSTAT |
Static volume flow |
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VEL |
Flow velocity |
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D |
Inner diameter of tube |
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A |
Cross section area |
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MACH |
Mach number |
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Z |
Height |
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If P is given, then P1=P If H is given, then H1 = H T1 = f(P1, H1) If T is given, then T1 = T H1 = f(P1,T1) If M is given, then M1 = M If Q is given, then Q1 = Q H1=Q1/M1 or M1=Q1/H1 else Q1 = M1*H1 |
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The five values are only filled with boundary values for the second iteration.
If H1 <= 0 the H1 = f(P1,T1) with specification of P1 and T1
If H1 > 0 then T1 = f(P1,H1) with specification of P1 and H1
If Q1 <= 0 then Q1 = M1 * H1
If Q1 > 0 then H1 = Q1 / M1 if M1 > 0
or M1 = Q1 / H1 if H1 > 0
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Component 1 only display option |
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Component 33: display Option 1 component not connected to a pipe |
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Component 33: display option 2 component connected to a pipe |
Click here >> Component 1 Demo << to load an example.
Click here >> Component 33 Demo << to load an example.
